Thymosin Alpha 1, discovered in 1972, is a naturally occurring peptide fragment researched for its potential action within the context cystic fibrosis, infection (e.g., tuberculosis, cytomegalovirus), respiratory disorders, chronic hepatitis, and cancer.
OTHER KNOWN TITLES: Thymalfasin
MOLECULAR FORMULA: C129H215N33O55
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 3108.3 g/mol
SEQUENCE: Ser-Asp-Ala-Ala-Val-Asp-Thr-Ser-Ser-Glu-Ile-Thr-Thr-Lys-Asp-Leu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Lys-Glu-Val-Val-Glu-Glu-Ala-Glu-Asn
THYMOSIN ALPHA-1 AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Thymosin Alpha-1, first isolated from thymus gland tissue, has the potential to act as a regulator of immune function. The thymus controls T-cell maturation and differentiation. T-cells are central to operations of the adaptive immune system as they carry the memory of past infections and enhance the function of other immune cells for protection against infections. Murine models lacking thymus glands indicate that Thymosin Alpha-1 may be capable of restoring immune function and preventing widespread infection.[1] The scientists outline that “studies have demonstrated improvements in immune system cell subsets and the potential of Ta1 for the [research] of a range of diseases.” The peptide appears to stimulate signaling pathways to produce cytokines and other molecules that may coordinate the activities of various cells in the immune system and may have widespread impacts including in the cases of sepsis.[2]
THYMOSIN ALPHA-1 AND NERVE GROWTH
The immune system promotes the growth, development, and maintenance of the central nervous system. Research in the peptide suggests it may boost neurodevelopment in mice. It appears to modulate several genes responsible for neuron growth and the development of neuronal synapses. It may also promote growth and development and prevent inflammation and neuron dysfunction.[3] The molecule may also potentially address neurodevelopmental delays, such as cerebral palsy.
THYMOSIN ALPHA-1 AND FUNGUS
Dendritic cells are important for recognizing fungal infections. The peptide appears to aid in dendritic cell maturation, thereby making the immune system more capable of fighting fungal infections.[4] It was observed to activate T-helper cells in murine models of aspergillus (fungal) infection. Dendritic cells operate by taking antigens, like bacteria and fungi, and presenting them to other immune system cells to recognize the antigens and respond appropriately. Dendritic cells are abundant in the skin, nose, lungs, and gastrointestinal system and are one of the immune system’s first responders. The peptide’s potential for regulation of dendritic cells may impact immune system functioning at one of its most fundamental levels.
THYMOSIN ALPHA 1 AND HIV RESEARCH
Despite the development of antiretroviral procedures, full immunity in cases of HIV is not considered to be achievable. Interestingly, antiretroviral action has been implicated in a deficit of cytotoxic T-cells and consistent inflammatory situations. The peptide has been studied for its potential influence in restoring immunity in cases of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).[6] It may also impact HIV infection by stimulating CD8 T-cells to release factors that inhibit HIV infection of other immune cells. It is possible therefore, that the peptide may also stop latent HIV from becoming active.
THYMOSIN ALPHA-1 AND BLOOD PRESSURE
One study has proposed that Thymalfasin appears to block an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and thus may control blood pressure.[7] According to the scientists “Thα1 possess a multifunctional peptide with dual antioxidant and ACE-inhibitory properties.” ACE is a common target of of high blood pressure. Inhibition of ACE is considered to not only lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels, but may decrease cardiac remodeling, delay the progression of atherosclerosis (plaque development), and influence kidney function.
THYMOSIN ALPHA-1 AND CANCER RESEARCH
Research on lung cancer cells (A549) suggested the anti-proliferative function of Thymosin Alpha 1, reducing both the growth and metastasis of cancerous cells. The peptide appears to control cell migration and penetration of cancer cells into surrounding tissue (i.e., invasion).[8] The combination of Thymosin Alpha-1 with dacarbazine exhibited an apparent improved progression-free survival rate as well as controlled rates of toxicity in experimental studies. A long-acting variant of Thymosin Alpha-1 has been tested against breast cancer cells in mice. The modified molecule appeared to be more efficacious in cancer cell growth inhibition. The modified peptide was reported to boost levels of CD4 and CD8 cells while increasing interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 levels in parallel. Thymosin Alpha-1 has been the subject of investigation in many different cancers including breast, melanoma, liver, lung, and colon cancer.
THYMOSIN ALPHA-1 AND INFLAMMATORY PAIN
Inflammatory pain is transmitted via specific peripheral and central nervous system pathways. Given strong anti-inflammatory outcomes of Thymosin Alpha-1 seen in research studies so far, the molecule may potentially reduce pain. Murine research suggests the hypothesis and has noted the specific pathways blocked by the peptide. It appears to act directly at the site of inflammation to reduce the production of cytokines and other molecules (e.g., TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, etc.) that trigger pain. Its action appears different from typical anti-inflammatory pain relieving compounds, although research to fully elucidate its mechanism of action are still underway.
THYMOSIN ALPHA-1 AND CYSTIC FIBROSIS
A crucial complication of cystic fibrosis (CF) is extended inflammation causing poor mucous clearance, increased rates of infection, and associated issues. They arise from a misfolding of a specific protein called CFTR. The peptide has been studied for its potential to reduce inflammation and improve the function of the CFTR protein.
THYMOSIN ALPHA-1 AND DENTAL DAMAGE
The peptide may improve the repair of gums and surrounding soft tissue caused by the avulsed and replanted tooth and may promote survival of the replanted tooth.[9] Though preliminary, the research findings suggest that Thymosin Alpha-1 may exhibit action in cases of traumatic tooth damage.
Disclaimer: The products mentioned are not intended for human or animal consumption. Research chemicals are intended solely for laboratory experimentation and/or in-vitro testing. Bodily introduction of any sort is strictly prohibited by law. All purchases are limited to licensed researchers and/or qualified professionals. All information shared in this article is for educational purposes only.
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