Pinealon is a short peptide comprising only three amino acids. It is one of the few synthetic peptides considered to be a peptide bioregulator as it appears to interact directly with DNA to alter gene expression levels. It may potentially exhibit behavior modification and may protect various cell types, including neurons against hypoxia. Pinealon has been studied for its potential to impact the pineal gland to address issues with metabolism, circadian rhythm disorders, and certain cognitive functions. Pinealon, unlike most other peptides, does not appear to bind to the cell surface or cytoplasmic receptors. Testing in cell cultures (HeLa cells) has suggested that the peptide penetrates the cell membrane directly, and the nuclear membrane interacts with DNA.[1] The researchers conclude that “The site-specific interactions of peptides with DNA can control epigenetically the cell genetic functions, and they seem to play an important role in regulation of gene activity even at the earliest stages of life origin and in evolution.” Thus it may act as a regulator of gene expression and may mediate myriad cellular effects.
OTHER KNOWN TITLES: Glutamylaspartylarginine, T-33 peptide
SEQUENCE: Glu-Asp-Arg
MOLECULAR FORMULA: C15H26N6O8
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 418.407 g/mol
PINEALON AND CELL AGING
Pinealon may have anti-aging impacts on cells, particularly noted within the central nervous system. It appears to be anabolic in the brain and may possibly reduce the rate of cell aging when examined against certain bioindicators.[2] Pinealon appears to influence other tissues as well, such as muscles, by seemingly altering Irisin expression. Irisin is considered by researchers to protect muscle cells during physical exertion, influence metabolic rate and trigger telomere elongation.[3] The peptide may exhibit potential to protect the telomere and help overcome the impacts of cell aging and oxidative stress.
PINEALON AND NEURON PROTECTION
Research studies observe that Pinealon may protect neurons against oxidative stress in rats, enhancing cognitive function and motor coordination.[4] According to the researchers, these “experiments allowed confirming the neuroprotective properties of pinealon, which is in agreement with the previous data obtained by us in vitro.” The study noted a significant reduction in both reactive oxygen species accumulation and necrotic cells in animal brains. The peptide may have the potential to protect proliferation pathways to modify the cell cycle as part of its protection against cell death.[5] Under oxidative stress, this effect is considered to control the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species. It appears also to increase the resistance of neurons to hypoxic stress through activation of innate anti-oxidative enzyme systems and reduce the excitotoxic effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) is an amino acid derivative that may be neurotoxic. Irisin levels in the central nervous system appear to induce genes in the hippocampus that are important to memory, learning, and overall neuron function.
PINEALON AND DEPRESSION
The peptide may promote the expression of 5-tryptophan hydroxylase via epigenetic changes in brain cortex cells. 5-tryptophan hydroxylase is considered crucial for the production and secretion of serotonin.[6] This peptide may host potential for neuroprotective and geroprotective characteristics, and research has begun to examine its possible impact within the context of depression research.
PINEALON AND CASPASE-3, CELL DEATH
Researchers suggest that the peptide may alter cytokine signaling, which may induce an increase in levels of the caspase-3 enzyme. Caspase-3 is considered to directly initiate apoptosis through genetic instruction.[7] By regulating caspase-3, Pinealon may block at least one pathway to cell death and thereby may control the impact of oxygen deprivation, as suggested by experiments on research models of a stroke. The peptide may also reduce caspase-3 levels following myocardial infarction. The short peptide may have plausible outcomes within the context of research in heart attacks and controlling the long-term remodeling that causes dysfunction following myocardial infarction. Pinealon also appears to promote cell proliferation in young and old animals by blocking apoptosis in skin cells. This appears to increase the regenerative process and may offset age-related pathology in skin cells.
PINEALON AND SLEEP REGULATION
Research indicates that Pinealon may help control certain sleep cycle dysfunctions. The peptide appears to reset the pineal gland to baseline in the setting of circadian rhythm disruption, which may have multifaceted downstream impacts.[8] Disturbed sleep is considered extremely hazardous to the organism over time. Pinealon may help reduce the impact of sleep disturbance and thereby offset its impact. Research is ongoing.
Disclaimer: The products mentioned are not intended for human or animal consumption. Research chemicals are intended solely for laboratory experimentation and/or in-vitro testing. Bodily introduction of any sort is strictly prohibited by law. All purchases are limited to licensed researchers and/or qualified professionals. All information shared in this article is for educational purposes only.
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