Pegylated Mechano-growth factor (PEG-MGF) is a truncated and partially modified variant of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). It appears to stimulate myoblast (muscle cell) proliferation and differentiation. It has further been researched for its potential to increase endurance, stimulating the function of the immune system, possibly decreasing cholesterol. PEG-MGF may also potentially hasten wound healing via immune function regulation. Attachment of polyethylene glycol moiety to another chemical compound is termed “Pegylation”. Pegylation appears to increase the plasma stability of a compound like MGF by decreasing its clearance in the kidneys as well as potentially masking its immunogenicity. Pegylation may be considered a common, and typically advantageous modification. MGF appears to have a shorter half-life in blood, contrarily in muscles. Hence, the pegylation of the peptide may overcome any rapid clearance.
OTHER KNOWN TITLES: Pegylated MGF, Pegylated Mechano Growth Factor
MOLECULAR FORMULA: C121H200N42O39
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 2888.16 g/mol
SEQUENCE: Tyr-Gln-Pro-Pro-Ser-Thr-Asn-Lys-Asn-Thr-Lys-Ser-Gln-Arg-Arg-Lys-Gly-Ser-Thr-Phe-Glu-Glu-Arg-Lys
PEG-MGF AND SKELETAL MUSCLE
Murine studies suggest that exposure to MGF in the muscles may decrease pro-inflammatory hormone production, reduce oxidative stress, and protect muscle cells.[1] The scientists reveal that “Although MGF overexpression did not obviously affect muscle regeneration outcomes, the findings are novel and provide insights on the physiological roles of MGF in muscle regeneration.” Researchers Sun et al. also suggested that muscle inflammation may be regulated by MGF, as well as the recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages to injury sites. The research mentioned above is based on prior reports of induction of IGF-1Ea and IGF-1Eb (both closely related to MGF) by muscle injury. This function suggests that PEG-MGF may produce impacts similar to IGF-1, possibly leading to improved muscle repair, enhanced fat metabolism, and overall increases in lean body mass. A research experiment in MGF reported an increase mean muscle fiber size in exercising mice by about 25%, according to study findings. Researchers Goldspink and Jakeman considered it a concerning limitation as the peptide might require direct exposure into every muscle to possibly mitigate hypertrophy.[2]
PEG-MGF AND HEART MUSCLE
Research carried out in the department of bioengineering at the University of Illinois observed that MGF may inhibit hypoxia-induced programmed cell death of cardiac muscles.[3] The peptide appears to promote regeneration and healing after a cardiac attack by recruiting cardiac stem cells to the site of tissue injury. Rats given MGF within eight hours of hypoxia appeared to exhibit less cell death and greater stem cell recruitment compared to placebo controls. Dr. Doroudian, the lead author of the research, suggests that the MGF delivery to the damaged cardiac tissues may have provided localized impact. Localized delivery of MGF may further controls pathologic hypertrophy post-cardiac arrest. Rat models exposed to PEG-MGF appeared to exhibit enhanced hemodynamics and less cardiac remodeling than control models. Carpenter et al. have also reported a 35% approximate reduction of cardiomyocyte injury (post-heart attack) upon peptide exposure.
PEG-MGF AND BONE REPAIR, GROWTH
PEG-MGF has been observed to promote osteoblast proliferation and hasten bone repair in rabbits. Rabbits exposed to high concentrations of MGF appeared to exhibit equivalent bone healing in just four weeks compared to controls in six weeks duration. The findings highlight the potential of the peptide for researchers studying bones and bone repair.
PEG-MGF AND CARTILAGE
MGF may also improve the function of chondrocytes, the cells essential for cartilage health and deposition. Studies in mice suggest that MGF may promote the migration of chondrocytes from bone – their site of origin – into cartilage where they appear to function.[4] The researchers also noted that “The results also demonstrate that the degeneration of OA cartilage can be delayed by MGF treatment partially via unfolded protein response regulated by protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase.”
PEG-MGF AND DENTAL ACTIVITY
Periodontal ligament cell culture studies indicate that the pegylated peptide may be able to improve osteogenic differentiation and potenitally enhance MMP-1 and MMP-2 expression.[5] These factors may improve the repair of the ligaments that attach the tooth to bone. The peptide may even salvage damaged or avulsed dental material after they get surgically re-implanted.
PEG-MGF AND NEUROPROTECTION
Alexander Walker, Editorial Assistant at BioMed Central, has reviewed a study based on the long-term effects of elevated levels of MGF in the brain and central nervous system.[6] The work observes how increased MGF may potentially influence neuron degeneration. Mice exposed to the peptide appeared to maintain their cognitive ability and function optimally for long into old age. As per Walker, “the efficacy of MGF in the brain is age-dependent,” as the mice in the study had shown better outcomes initially and over the long-term, if the peptide over-expression occurred earlier in life. MGF exposure may possibly improve muscle weakness and decrease the loss of motor neurons in murine models of ALS. According to Dluzniewska et al., it is naturally produced in the brain after hypoxic injury and is over-expressed in the segments with highest neuronal damage.[7]
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