Follistatin-344 is a synthetic, full-sized version, of a naturally-occurring protein. Follistatin-344 occurs in two isomers, varying based on their gene splicing. Researchers suggest that its primary role may be to counteract the action of the Tumor Growth Factor-beta (TGF-beta) family. The TGF-beta family comprises of Myostatin, Activin, and Follicle Stimulating Growth Hormone (FSH). Follistatin-344 appears to stimulate the Insulin/IGF-1 pathway, and the reported immense potential of the peptide has been published in Follistatin-344 research.
SYNONYMS: Activin-binding protein, FST, FSH- Suppressing protein
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 3780 g/mol
SEQUENCE: MVRARHQPGG LCLLLLLLCQ FMEDRSAQAG NCWLRQAKNG RCQVLYKTEL SKEECCSTGR LSTSWTEEDV NDNTLFKWMI FNGGAPNCIP CKETCENVDC GPGKKCRMNK KNKPRCVCAP DCSNITWKGP VCGLDGKTYR NECALLKARC KEQPELEVQY QGRCKKTCRD VFCPGSSTCV VDQTNNAYCV TCNRICPEPA SSEQYLCGND GVTYSSACHL RKATCLLGRS IGLAYEGKCI KAKSCEDIQC TGGKKCLWDF KVGRGRCSLC DELCPDSKSD EPVCASDNAT YASECAMKEA ACSSGVLLEV KHSGSCNSIS EDTEEEEEDE DQDYSFPISS ILEW
FOLLISTATIN-344 AND MUSCLE CELL PROLIFERATION
Myostatin is a naturally occurring protein that belongs to the TGF-1 family. It is considered to inhibit muscle cell proliferation. Studies have extended the hypothesis that Follistatin-344 may inhibit the action and impacts of Myostatin. A comparative study indicated that animals with this protein typically trend towards greater muscle mass, creating a possible correlation between the protein and muscle cell proliferation and function. Follistatin-344 appears to increase muscle mass by hyperplasia (increase in the number of muscle fibers) and hypertrophy (increase in muscle fiber). Interestingly, in this study, the exposure to Follistatin-344 appeared to have increased the muscle mass in mice in the absence of other muscle-building factors.[1] The results implied that Follistatin-344 may promote muscle cell development and enhance contractile force, and has therefore been an object of significance in research studies focused on muscular diseases like muscular dystrophy. Studies have suggests the potential of Follistatin-344 to reduce inflammation and fibrosis. Its primary hypothesized characteristic appears to be enhancing muscle cell development, which may mitigate the severity or impact of muscular dystrophies such as Duchene Muscular Dystrophy[2].
FOLLISTATIN-344 AND BREAST CANCER
A clinical study in research models of breast cancer used immune-histochemistry and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). The study reported under-expression of Follistatin-344 in the majority of subjects, while over-expression was only identified in a small number.[3] The over-expression of Follistatin was associated with a better prognosis, as per the studies for ABC monomer. It appeared to prevent metastasis of the tumor, but the study reports that it did appear to increase its growth. Contrastingly, under-expression of Follistatin-344 appeared to lead to higher incidences of metastasis. A study done on a mouse model of HER-2 positive breast cancer suggested that Follistatin-344 may prevent activin-induced migration of epithelial cells in breast tissue. This potential of Follistatin may possibly prevent metastasis without increasing the growth of the tumor mass. A study done on cases involving benign proliferative diseases of the breast indicated over-expression of Follistatin. This result supports the anti-metastatic potential of Follistatin.
FOLLISTATIN-344 AND ESOPHAGEAL CARCINOMA
Barret’s esophagus is a pre-malignant condition of Esophageal Carcinoma. It involves the conversion of Squamous epithelium into columnar with goblet cells. Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) is responsible for this metaplasia. Frequent acid reflux in the esophagus may lead to over-activation of BMP and ultimately may lead to cancer onset. Study findings have posited the potential for Follistatin-344 in countering the action of BMP.[4] There appears to be varying responses towards Follistatin-344 expression in different types of tumors. In Esophageal tumors, it appears to improve survival, whereas it may shorten survival in lung and ovarian tumors. Research involving rats indicated the possibility of Follistatin-344 to reduce the extent of fibrosis in the liver up to 32%. This potential capability may improve the lifespan of hepatocytes and prevent the progression of fibrosis into liver cancer.
FOLLISTATIN-344 AND DIABETES MELLITUS
An experiment on mice indicated that the over-expression of Follistatin-344 appeared to increase the mass of beta-cells in the pancreas.[5] It also appeared to lead to enhanced production of insulin and increased control of blood sugar. Exposure to Follistatin-344 was suggested to have doubled the lifespan of the research mice, and appeared to have virtually eliminated the complications of diabetes as compared to controls. Researchers have proposed that Follistatin-344 may potentially provide a physiological control of blood sugar and may exhibit an effect similar to insulin.
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