LL-37 is the only known human Cathelicidin, a big protein family where the members exhibit diverse functions. These peptides, which are produced by macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (both types of white blood cells), have bactericidal action. They have been found to have shown other substantial effects as well. The entire group is often referred to as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). LL-37, in particular, has been researched in relation to autoimmune disease, cancer, and wound healing.[1] For example, researchers note that “Corneal and conjunctival epithelia express LL-37 as part of mucosal innate immunity to protect against bacterial and viral ocular infections.”
AKA: CAP-18
MOLECULAR FORMULA: C205H340N60O53
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 4493.33 g/mol
SEQUENCE: Leu-Leu-Gly-Asp-Phe-Phe-Arg-Lys-Ser-Lys-GluLys-Ile-Gly-Lys-Glu-Phe-Lys-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Arg-Ile-Lys-Asp-Phe-Leu-Arg-Asn-Leu-Val-Pro-ArgThr-Glu-Ser
PUBCHEM: CID 16132341
CAS NUMBER: 154947-66-7
RECONSTITUTION: Required
LL-37 AND INFLAMMATORY DISEASES
LL-37, although essentially known to be an antimicrobial peptide, is also involved in different inflammatory diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and atherosclerosis. LL-37 researchers suggest the peptide’s diverse immune system modulating behaviors based on the type of cells involved and the local inflammatory environment. It has been suggested to:
– reduce apoptotic death of keratinocytes
– improve IFN-alpha synthesis
– suppress signaling through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)
– modify chemotaxis of neutrophils and eosinophils
– trigger IL-18 production
– reduce levels of atherosclerotic plaques
Interestingly, LL-37 (aka CAP-18) appears to stimulate the immune system in a different manner depending on the trigger. Cell culture studies have observed the importance of the inflammatory environment in determining the immune response to LL-37. T-cells appear to improve their inflammatory actions because of LL-37 when they are not activated, but minimize the inflammatory action when already activated. The peptide appears to mediate homeostasis of immunological response, thus controlling it from being hyperactive when the body suffers from an infection. It may help to control levels of inflammation in autoimmune diseases. There is a strong correlation between the peptide levels and the extent of the disease. Initially, LL-37 / CAP-18 was thought to promote autoimmune disorders, but recent results have suggested it may actually help to abate the damage. The researchers outline that the peptide has a role in “in the modulation of immune and inflammatory pathways and their effects on autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.” High levels of the peptide may thus help check further increased inflammation.
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