The human peptide GHK (glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine) has multiple biological actions, all of which, according to our current knowledge, appear to be health positive. It stimulates blood vessel and nerve outgrowth, increases collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycan synthesis, as well as supports the function of dermal fibroblasts. GHK’s ability to improve tissue repair has been demonstrated for skin, lung connective tissue, boney tissue, liver, and stomach lining. GHK has also been found to possess
The human peptide GHK (glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine) has multiple biological actions, all of which, according to our current knowledge, appear to be health positive. It stimulates blood vessel and nerve outgrowth, increases collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycan synthesis, as well as supports the function of dermal fibroblasts. GHK’s ability to improve tissue repair has been demonstrated for skin, lung connective tissue, boney tissue, liver, and stomach lining. GHK has also been found to possess powerful cell protective actions, such as multiple anti-cancer activities and anti-inflammatory actions, lung protection and restoration of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) fibroblasts, suppression of molecules thought to accelerate the diseases of aging such as NFκB, anti-anxiety, anti-pain and anti-aggression activities, DNA repair, and activation of cell cleansing via the proteasome system. Recent genetic data may explain such diverse protective and healing actions of one molecule, revealing multiple biochemical pathways regulated by GHK.
Up-to-date, it is established that GHK-Cu is able to:
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Tighten loose skin and reverse thinning of aged skin
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Repair protective skin barrier proteins
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Improve skin firmness, elasticity, and clarity
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Reduce fine lines, depth of wrinkles, and improve structure of aged skin
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Smooth rough skin
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Reduce photodamage, mottled hyperpigmentation, skin spots and lesions
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Improve overall skin appearance
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Stimulate wound healing
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Protect skin cells from UV radiation
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Reduce inflammation and free radical damage
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Increase hair growth and thickness, enlarge hair follicle size
Most authors would attribute effects of GHK to its ability to bind copper(II) ions. It was proposed that because of the GHK’s small size and its ability to bind copper, it can play a crucial part in copper metabolism . However, since 2010, a new mechanism has started to emerge. The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (Cambridge, MA, USA) has created the Connectivity Map—a publicly available library of transcriptional responses to known perturbagens, substances that modulate gene expression . This tool allowed researchers to investigate genome-wide effects of GHK and establish that GHK-Cu is able to up- and down-regulate a significant number of human genes. Today, it has become possible to connect biological effects of GHK-Cu and its effects on gene expression, to develop a more comprehensive view on GHK’s mechanism of action .
The present paper reviews protective and regenerative actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in human skin, as well as new gene data, revealing possible mechanisms behind these actions.
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